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EG's contributions were supported by an Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarship, AIMOS top-up scholarship (2022) and Melbourne Centre of Data Science Doctoral Academy Fellowship (2021). FF's contributions were supported by ARC Future Fellowship FT150100297.

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Same data, different analysts: variation in effect sizes due to analytical decisions in ecology and evolutionary biology

Publicated to:Bmc Biology. 23 (1): 35- - 2025-02-06 23(1), DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-02101-x

Authors: Gould, Elliot; Fraser, Hannah S; Parker, Timothy H; Nakagawa, Shinichi; Griffith, Simon C; Vesk, Peter A; Fidler, Fiona; Hamilton, Daniel G; Abbey-Lee, Robin N; Abbott, Jessica K; Aguirre, Luis A; Alcaraz, Carles; Aloni, Irith; Altschul, Drew; Arekar, Kunal; Atkins, Jeff W; Atkinson, Joe; Baker, Christopher M; Barrett, Meghan; Bell, Kristian; Bello, Suleiman Kehinde; Beltran, Ivan; Berauer, Bernd J; Bertram, Michael Grant; Billman, Peter D; Blake, Charlie K; Blake, Shannon; Bliard, Louis; Bonisoli-Alquati, Andrea; Bonnet, Timothee; Bordes, Camille Nina Marion; Bose, Aneesh P H; Botterill-James, Thomas; Boyd, Melissa Anna; Boyle, Sarah A; Bradfer-Lawrence, Tom; Bradham, Jennifer; Brand, Jack A; Brengdahl, Martin I; Bulla, Martin; Bussiere, Luc; Camerlenghi, Ettore; Campbell, Sara E; Campos, Leonardo L F; Caravaggi, Anthony; Cardoso, Pedro; Carroll, Charles J W; Catanach, Therese A; Chen, Xuan; Chik, Heung Ying Janet; Choy, Emily Sarah; Christie, Alec Philip; Chuang, Angela; Chunco, Amanda J; Clark, Bethany L; Contina, Andrea; Covernton, Garth A; Cox, Murray P; Cressman, Kimberly A; Crotti, Marco; Crouch, Connor Davidson; D'Amelio, Pietro B; de Sousa, Alexandra Allison; Doebert, Timm Fabian; Dobler, Ralph; Dobson, Adam J; Doherty, Tim S; Drobniak, Szymon Marian; Duffy, Alexandra Grace; Duncan, Alison B; Dunn, Robert P; Dunning, Jamie; Dutta, Trishna; Eberhart-Hertel, Luke; Elmore, Jared Alan; Elsherif, Mahmoud Medhat; English, Holly M; Ensminger, David C; Ernst, Ulrich Rainer; Ferguson, Stephen M; Fernandez-Juricic, Esteban; Ferreira-Arruda, Thalita; Fieberg, John; Finch, Elizabeth A; Fiorenza, Evan A; Fisher, David N; Fontaine, Amelie; Forstmeier, Wolfgang; Fourcade, Yoan; Frank, Graham S; Freund, Cathryn A; Fuentes-Lillo, Eduardo; Gandy, Sara L; Gannon, Dustin G; Garcia-Cervigon, Ana I; Garretson, Alexis C; Ge, Xuezhen; Geary, William L; Geron, Charly; Gilles, Marc; Girndt, Antje; Gliksman, Daniel; Goldspiel, Harrison B; Gomes, Dylan G E; Good, Megan Kate; Goslee, Sarah C; Gosnell, J Stephen; Grames, Eliza M; Gratton, Paolo; Grebe, Nicholas M; Greenler, Skye M; Griffioen, Maaike; Griffith, Daniel M; Griffith, Frances J; Grossman, Jake J; Guencan, Ali; Haesen, Stef; Hagan, James G; Hager, Heather A; Harris, Jonathan Philo; Harrison, Natasha Dean; Hasnain, Sarah Syedia; Havird, Justin Chase; Heaton, Andrew J; Herrera-Chaustre, Maria Laura; Howard, Tanner J; Hsu, Bin-Yan; Iannarilli, Fabiola; Iranzo, Esperanza C; Iverson, Erik N K; Jimoh, Saheed Olaide; Johnson, Douglas H; Johnsson, Martin; Jorna, Jesse; Jucker, Tommaso; Jung, Martin; Kacergyte, Ineta; Kaltz, Oliver; Ke, Alison; Kelly, Clint D; Keogan, Katharine; Keppeler, Friedrich Wolfgang; Killion, Alexander K; Kim, Dongmin; Kochan, David P; Korsten, Peter; Kothari, Shan; Kuppler, Jonas; Kusch, Jillian M; Lagisz, Malgorzata; Lalla, Kristen Marianne; Larkin, Daniel J; Larson, Courtney L; Lauck, Katherine S; Lauterbur, M Elise; Law, Alan; Leandri-Breton, Don-Jean; Lembrechts, Jonas J; L'Herpiniere, Kiara; Lievens, Eva J P; de Lima, Daniela Oliveira; Lindsay, Shane; Luquet, Martin; MacLeod, Ross; Macphie, Kirsty H; Mair, Magdalena M; Malm, Lisa E; Mammola, Stefano; Mandeville, Caitlin P; Manhart, Michael; Manrique-Garzon, Laura Milena; Maentylae, Elina; Marchand, Philippe; Marshall, Benjamin Michael; Martin, Charles A; Martin, Dominic Andreas; Martin, Jake Mitchell; Martinig, April Robin; McCallum, Erin S; McCauley, Mark; McNew, Sabrina M; Meiners, Scott J; Merkling, Thomas; Michelangeli, Marcus; Moiron, Maria; Moreira, Bruno; Mortensen, Jennifer; Mos, Benjamin; Muraina, Taofeek Olatunbosun; Murphy, Penelope Wrenn; Nelli, Luca; Niemelae, Petri; Nightingale, Josh; Nilsonne, Gustav; Nolazco, Sergio; Nooten, Sabine S; Novotny, Jessie Lanterman; Olin, Agnes Birgitta; Organ, Chris L; Ostevik, Kate L; Palacio, Facundo Xavier; Paquet, Matthieu; Parker, Darren James; Pascall, David J; Pasquarella, Valerie J; Paterson, John Harold; Payo-Payo, Ana; Pedersen, Karen Marie; Perez, Gregoire; Perry, Kayla I; Pottier, Patrice; Proulx, Michael J; Proulx, Raphael; Pruett, Jessica L; Ramananjato, Veronarindra; Randimbiarison, Finaritra Tolotra; Razafindratsima, Onja H; Rennison, Diana J; Riva, Federico; Riyahi, Sepand; Roast, Michael James; Rocha, Felipe Pereira; Roche, Dominique G; Roman-Palacios, Cristian; Rosenberg, Michael S; Ross, Jessica; Rowland, Freya E; Rugemalila, Deusdedith; Russell, Avery L; Ruuskanen, Suvi; Saccone, Patrick; Sadeh, Asaf; Salazar, Stephen M; Sales, Kris; Salmon, Pablo; Sanchez-Tojar, Alfredo; Santos, Leticia Pereira; Santostefano, Francesca; Schilling, Hayden T; Schmidt, Marcus; Schmoll, Tim; Schneider, Adam C; Schrock, Allie E; Schroeder, Julia; Schtickzelle, Nicolas; Schultz, Nick L; Scott, Drew A; Scroggie, Michael Peter; Shapiro, Julie Teresa; Sharma, Nitika; Shearer, Caroline L; Simon, Diego; Skupien, Fabricio Luiz; Slinn, Heather Lea; Smith, Grania Polly; Smith, Jeremy A; Sollmann, Rahel; Whitney, Kaitlin Stack; Still, Shannon Michael; Stuber, Erica F; Sutton, Guy F; Swallow, Ben; Taff, Conor Claverie; Takola, Elina; Tanentzap, Andrew J; Tarjuelo, Rocio; Telford, Richard J; Thawley, Christopher J; Thierry, Hugo; Thomson, Jacqueline; Tidau, Svenja; Tompkins, Emily M; Tortorelli, Claire Marie; Trlica, Andrew; Turnell, Biz R; Urban, Lara; Van de Vondel, Stijn; van der Wal, Jessica Eva Megan; Van Eeckhoven, Jens; van Oordt, Francis; Vanderwel, K Michelle; Vanderwel, Mark C; Vanderwolf, Karen J; Velez, Juliana; Vergara-Florez, Diana Carolina; Verrelli, Brian C; Vieira, Marcus Vinicius; Villamil, Nora; Vitali, Valerio; Vollering, Julien; Walker, Jeffrey; Walker, Xanthe J; Walter, Jonathan A; Waryszak, Pawel; Weaver, Ryan J; Wedegaertner, Ronja E M; Weller, Daniel L; Whelan, Shannon; White, Rachel Louise; Wolfson, David William; Wood, Andrew; Yanco, Scott W; Yen, Jian D L; Youngflesh, Casey; Zilio, Giacomo; Zimmer, Cedric; Zimmerman, Gregory Mark; Zitomer, Rachel A

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Abstract

Although variation in effect sizes and predicted values among studies of similar phenomena is inevitable, such variation far exceeds what might be produced by sampling error alone. One possible explanation for variation among results is differences among researchers in the decisions they make regarding statistical analyses. A growing array of studies has explored this analytical variability in different fields and has found substantial variability among results despite analysts having the same data and research question. Many of these studies have been in the social sciences, but one small "many analyst" study found similar variability in ecology. We expanded the scope of this prior work by implementing a large-scale empirical exploration of the variation in effect sizes and model predictions generated by the analytical decisions of different researchers in ecology and evolutionary biology. We used two unpublished datasets, one from evolutionary ecology (blue tit, Cyanistes caeruleus, to compare sibling number and nestling growth) and one from conservation ecology (Eucalyptus, to compare grass cover and tree seedling recruitment). The project leaders recruited 174 analyst teams, comprising 246 analysts, to investigate the answers to prespecified research questions. Analyses conducted by these teams yielded 141 usable effects (compatible with our meta-analyses and with all necessary information provided) for the blue tit dataset, and 85 usable effects for the Eucalyptus dataset. We found substantial heterogeneity among results for both datasets, although the patterns of variation differed between them. For the blue tit analyses, the average effect was convincingly negative, with less growth for nestlings living with more siblings, but there was near continuous variation in effect size from large negative effects to effects near zero, and even effects crossing the traditional threshold of statistical significance in the opposite direction. In contrast, the average relationship between grass cover and Eucalyptus seedling number was only slightly negative and not convincingly different from zero, and most effects ranged from weakly negative to weakly positive, with about a third of effects crossing the traditional threshold of significance in one direction or the other. However, there were also several striking outliers in the Eucalyptus dataset, with effects far from zero. For both datasets, we found substantial variation in the variable selection and random effects structures among analyses, as well as in the ratings of the analytical methods by peer reviewers, but we found no strong relationship between any of these and deviation from the meta-analytic mean. In other words, analyses with results that were far from the mean were no more or less likely to have dissimilar variable sets, use random effects in their models, or receive poor peer reviews than those analyses that found results that were close to the mean. The existence of substantial variability among analysis outcomes raises important questions about how ecologists and evolutionary biologists should interpret published results, and how they should conduct analyses in the future.

Keywords