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The authors acknowledge the support from INSPIRA1 project (S2013/ABI-2783) financed by Comunidad de Madrid and co-financed by FEDER A way of making Europe; and BIOHIDROALGA project (ENE2017-83696-R) financed by Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades and co-financed by FEDER A way of making Europe.

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Morales, VAuthorRodriguez, RAuthorVicente, GAuthorBautista, LfCorresponding Author

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Article

Biodiesel Production (FAEEs) by Heterogeneous Combi-Lipase Biocatalysts Using Wet Extracted Lipids from Microalgae

Publicated to:Catalysts. 9 (3): 296- - 2019-03-01 9(3), DOI: 10.3390/catal9030296

Authors: Sanchez-Bayo, Alejandra; Morales, Victoria; Rodriguez, Rosalia; Vicente, Gemma; Fernando Bautista, Luis

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Abstract

The production of fatty acids ethyl esters (FAEEs) to be used as biodiesel from oleaginous microalgae shows great opportunities as an attractive source for the production of renewable fuels without competing with human food. To ensure the economic viability and environmental sustainability of the microbial biomass as a raw material, the integration of its production and transformation into the biorefinery concept is required. In the present work, lipids from wet Isochrysis galbana microalga were extracted with ethyl acetate with and without drying the microalgal biomass (dry and wet extraction method, respectively). Then, FAEEs were produced by lipase-catalyzed transesterification and esterification of the extracted lipids with ethanol using lipase B from Candida antarctica (CALB) and Pseudomonas cepacia (PC) lipase supported on SBA-15 mesoporous silica functionalized with amino groups. The conversion to FAEEs with CALB (97 and 85.5 mol% for dry and wet extraction, respectively) and PC (91 and 87 mol%) biocatalysts reached higher values than those obtained with commercial Novozym 435 (75 and 69.5 mol%). Due to the heterogeneous nature of the composition of microalgae lipids, mixtures with different CALB:PC biocatalyst ratio were used to improve conversion of wet-extracted lipids. The results showed that a 25:75 combi-lipase produced a significantly higher conversion to FAEEs (97.2 mol%) than those produced by each biocatalyst independently from wet-extracted lipids and similar ones than those obtained by each lipase from the dry extraction method. Therefore, that optimized combi-lipase biocatalyst, along with achieving the highest conversion to FAEEs, would allow improving viability of a biorefinery since biodiesel production could be performed without the energy-intensive step of biomass drying.

Keywords

AcidBiodieselCatalyzed transesterificationConversionCovalent immobilizationEnzymatic productionFaeesHydrolysisLipasesMesoporous materialsMicroalgaeMiehei lipaseMixed biocatalystsOilPore-expanded sba-15

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal Catalysts due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2019, it was in position 65/159, thus managing to position itself as a Q2 (Segundo Cuartil), in the category Chemistry, Physical. Notably, the journal is positioned en el Cuartil Q2 para la agencia Scopus (SJR) en la categoría Physical and Theoretical Chemistry.

From a relative perspective, and based on the normalized impact indicator calculated from the Field Citation Ratio (FCR) of the Dimensions source, it yields a value of: 3.77, which indicates that, compared to works in the same discipline and in the same year of publication, it ranks as a work cited above average. (source consulted: Dimensions Jun 2025)

Specifically, and according to different indexing agencies, this work has accumulated citations as of 2025-06-05, the following number of citations:

  • WoS: 34
  • Scopus: 39
  • OpenCitations: 35

Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2025-06-05:

  • The use, from an academic perspective evidenced by the Altmetric agency indicator referring to aggregations made by the personal bibliographic manager Mendeley, gives us a total of: 57.
  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 57 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

  • The Total Score from Altmetric: 0.5.
  • The number of mentions on the social network X (formerly Twitter): 1 (Altmetric).

It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

  • The work has been submitted to a journal whose editorial policy allows open Open Access publication.

Leadership analysis of institutional authors

There is a significant leadership presence as some of the institution’s authors appear as the first or last signer, detailed as follows: First Author () and Last Author (Bautista Santa Cruz, Luis Fernando).

the author responsible for correspondence tasks has been Bautista Santa Cruz, Luis Fernando.