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This research was funded by MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE for project RTI2018-094558-B-I00. This work was also funded by FCT-Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia through the CQM Base Fund-UIDB/00674/2020-and the Programmatic Fund-UIDP/00674/2020-and by ARDITI-Agencia Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investigacao Tecnologia e Inovacao, through the project M1420-01-0145-FEDER-000005-Centro de Quimica da Madeira-CQM+ (Madeira 14-20 Program). The authors also acknowledge financial support from the Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia and Madeira 14-2020 program to the Portuguese Mass Spectrometry Network through the PROEQUIPRAM program, M14-20 M1420-01-0145-FEDER-000008.

Analysis of institutional authors

Casado-Hidalgo, GemaAuthorMorante-Zarcero, SoniaAuthorSierra, IsabelCorresponding Author

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Article

Evaluation of the Transfer and Occurrence of Opium Alkaloids in Poppy Seed Teas Using Preconcentrations with mu SPEed((R)) Followed by GC-MS Analysis

Publicated to:Chemosensors (Basel). 11 (2): 94- - 2023-02-01 11(2), DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors11020094

Authors: Casado-Hidalgo, Gema; Perestelo, Rosa; Morante-Zarcero, Sonia; Camara, Jose S; Sierra, Isabel

Affiliations

Univ Madeira, CQM Madeira Chem Ctr, Campus Penteada, P-9020105 Funchal, Portugal - Author
Univ Madeira, Fac Ciencias Exactas & Engn, Dept Chem, Campus Penteada, P-9020105 Funchal, Portugal - Author
Univ Rey Juan Carlos, Dept Tecnol Quim & Ambiental, ESCET, C Tulipan S-N, Madrid 28933, Spain - Author

Abstract

Intoxication due to the consumption of poppy seed teas has been reported due to their contamination with opium alkaloids (OAs). In this work, an efficient methodology based on microsolid-phase extraction (mu SPEed((R))) followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has been optimized to quantify five OAs in poppy seed teas. Nine cartridges (C4, C8, C18, silica, APS, PFAs, PS/DVB-RP, PS/DVB-SCX and PS/DVB-SAX), pH levels, cycles and elution solvents were evaluated. The method was validated and applied to study the transfer of OAs by evaluating water temperatures, infusion times and seed amounts. The highest transfer rates (71% for morphine, 96% for thebaine, and 100% for codeine, noscapine and papaverine) were achieved at 90 degrees C, 5 min, with 4 g. These conditions were used to quantify the OAs in four teas prepared from different seeds. A high amount of morphine (1563 mu g/L) was found in one tea, indicating that the seeds had a concentration twice the maximum limit, highlighting the need to warn the population of this dangerous practice.

Keywords

CodeineFoodFood safetyGc-msIngestionMorphineMu speedOccurrenceOpium alkaloidsPoppy seed teaProductsThebaineTransferUrinary concentrationsΜspeed

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal Chemosensors (Basel) due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2023, it was in position 17/76, thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Instruments & Instrumentation.

From a relative perspective, and based on the normalized impact indicator calculated from the Field Citation Ratio (FCR) of the Dimensions source, it yields a value of: 1.67, which indicates that, compared to works in the same discipline and in the same year of publication, it ranks as a work cited above average. (source consulted: Dimensions Jun 2025)

Specifically, and according to different indexing agencies, this work has accumulated citations as of 2025-06-20, the following number of citations:

  • WoS: 3
  • Scopus: 5
  • OpenCitations: 3

Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2025-06-20:

  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 13 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

    It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

    • The work has been submitted to a journal whose editorial policy allows open Open Access publication.

    Leadership analysis of institutional authors

    This work has been carried out with international collaboration, specifically with researchers from: Portugal.

    There is a significant leadership presence as some of the institution’s authors appear as the first or last signer, detailed as follows: First Author (Casado Hidalgo, Gema) and Last Author (Sierra Alonso, María Isabel).

    the author responsible for correspondence tasks has been Sierra Alonso, María Isabel.