{rfName}
Pr

Indexed in

License and use

Icono OpenAccess

Citations

22

Altmetrics

Analysis of institutional authors

Jimenez-Antona, CarmenAuthorLizcano-Alvarez, AngelCorresponding AuthorCano-De-La-Cuerda, RobertoAuthorMolero-Sanchez, AlbertoAuthorLaguarta-Val, SofiaAuthor

Share

Publications
>
Article

Predictive Factors and ACE-2 Gene Polymorphisms in Susceptibility to Long COVID-19 Syndrome

Publicated to:International Journal Of Molecular Sciences. 24 (23): 16717- - 2023-12-01 24(23), DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316717

Authors: Varillas-Delgado, David; Jimenez-Antona, Carmen; Lizcano-Alvarez, Angel; Cano-de-la-Cuerda, Roberto; Molero-Sanchez, Alberto; Laguarta-Val, Sofia

Affiliations

Univ Francisco Vitoria, Fac Hlth Sci, Dept Exercise & Sport Sci, Madrid 28223, Spain - Author
Univ Rey Juan Carlos, Fac Hlth Sci, Dept Nursing & Stomatol, Alcorcon 28922, Madrid, Spain - Author
Univ Rey Juan Carlos, Fac Hlth Sci, Dept Phys Therapy, Occupat Therapy Rehabil & Phys Med, Alcorcon 28922, Madrid, Spain - Author

Abstract

Long COVID-19 syndrome is present in 5-10% of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, and there is still little information on the predisposing factors that lead to its development. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the predictive factors in early symptoms, clinical features and the role of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-2 (ACE-2) c.513-1451G>A (rs2106806) and c.15643279T>C (rs6629110) polymorphisms in the susceptibility to developing Long COVID-19 syndrome subsequent to COVID-19 infectionA total of 29 patients who suffered COVID-19 were recruited in a descriptive longitudinal study of two groups: Long COVID-19 (n = 16) and non-Long COVID-19 (n = 13). Early symptoms and clinical features during COVID-19 were classified by a medical service. ACE-2 polymorphisms were genotyped by using a Single Nucleotide Primer Extension (SNPE). Of the early symptoms, fatigue, myalgia and headache showed a high risk of increasing Long COVID-19 susceptibility. Clinical features such as emergency care, SARS-CoV-2 reinfection, previous diseases, respiratory disease and brain fog also had a high risk of increasing Long COVID-19 susceptibility. The A allele in the rs2106806 variant was associated with an odds ratio (OR) of 4.214 (95% CI 2.521-8.853; p < 0.001), and the T allele in the rs6629110 variant was associated with an OR of 3.754 (95% CI 1.785-6.105; p = 0.002) of increasing Long COVID-19 susceptibility. This study shows the risk of ACE-2 polymorphisms, different early symptoms and clinical features during SARS-CoV-2 infection in susceptibility to Long COVID-19.

Keywords

Ace-2 geneAce2 protein, humanCoronavirus disease 2019Covid-19Early symptomsGenetic polymorphismGeneticsHumanHumansLong covidLong covid-19 syndromeLongitudinal studiesLongitudinal studyPolymorphism, geneticPolymorphismsPost-acute covid-19 syndromeSars-cov-2Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal International Journal Of Molecular Sciences due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2023, it was in position 66/313, thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Biochemistry & Molecular Biology.

From a relative perspective, and based on the normalized impact indicator calculated from World Citations provided by WoS (ESI, Clarivate), it yields a value for the citation normalization relative to the expected citation rate of: 1.21. This indicates that, compared to works in the same discipline and in the same year of publication, it ranks as a work cited above average. (source consulted: ESI Nov 14, 2024)

This information is reinforced by other indicators of the same type, which, although dynamic over time and dependent on the set of average global citations at the time of their calculation, consistently position the work at some point among the top 50% most cited in its field:

  • Field Citation Ratio (FCR) from Dimensions: 4.06 (source consulted: Dimensions Jun 2025)

Specifically, and according to different indexing agencies, this work has accumulated citations as of 2025-06-26, the following number of citations:

  • WoS: 8
  • Scopus: 7
  • Europe PMC: 7

Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2025-06-26:

  • The use, from an academic perspective evidenced by the Altmetric agency indicator referring to aggregations made by the personal bibliographic manager Mendeley, gives us a total of: 33.
  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 32 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

  • The Total Score from Altmetric: 11.844.
  • The number of mentions on the social network X (formerly Twitter): 2 (Altmetric).
  • The number of mentions in news outlets: 1 (Altmetric).

It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

  • The work has been submitted to a journal whose editorial policy allows open Open Access publication.

Leadership analysis of institutional authors

There is a significant leadership presence as some of the institution’s authors appear as the first or last signer, detailed as follows: Last Author (Laguarta Val, Sofía).

the author responsible for correspondence tasks has been Lizcano Álvarez, Ángel.