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Grant support

This research has been supported by the Spanish Government research funding RTI2018-098743-B-I00, PID2021-128362OB-100 (MICINN/FEDER) and TED2021-129162B-C22 (funded by the Recovery and Resilience Facility program from the NextGenerationEU Plan of the European Union and the Spanish Research Agency) .

Analysis of institutional authors

Garcia-Espinosa, Francisco JCorresponding AuthorMontemayor, Antonio SAuthorPantrigo, Juan JoséAuthor

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Article

Combining deep learning methods and rule-based systems for automatic parking space detection

Publicated to:Integrated Computer-Aided Engineering. 32 (1): 95-106 - 2025-01-01 32(1), DOI: 10.3233/ICA-240745

Authors: De Luelmo, Susana P; Garcia-Espinosa, Francisco J; Montemayor, Antonio S; Pantrigo, Juan Jose

Affiliations

Univ Rey Juan Carlos, Escuela Tecn Super Ingn Informat, Mostoles, Spain - Author

Abstract

This paper presents an Automatic Parking Space Detection (APSD) algorithm designed to reduce traffic in cities while offering an information system of available parking zones. The main aim of such a system lies in its ability to identify parking spaces in a distributed manner, achieved by installing multiple APSD systems across a fleet of vehicles. This fleet, during its regular operations, communicates the availability of parking spaces to a centralized information system. Our methodology employs a rule-based system that seamlessly integrates a variety of neural networks for different specific tasks. These tasks include depth estimation, road segmentation, and vehicle detection. This approach would fall into a modular category instead of an end-to-end solution, using the M & aacute;laga Urban Dataset in the experiments. We present a preliminary experiment for parameter settings and an ablation study to quantify each subsystem contribution to the results. The proposed system achieves a parking space detection F1 score of 0.726.

Keywords

Automatic parking space detectioAutomatic parking space detectionDetection networksIncident detectionParking space detectionRule-based systemsSlot detectionSmart parkingStereoUrba

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal Integrated Computer-Aided Engineering due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2025, it was in position 40/197, thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence.

Independientemente del impacto esperado determinado por el canal de difusión, es importante destacar el impacto real observado de la propia aportación.

Según las diferentes agencias de indexación, el número de citas acumuladas por esta publicación hasta la fecha 2025-06-24:

  • WoS: 1
  • Scopus: 1

Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2025-06-24:

  • The use, from an academic perspective evidenced by the Altmetric agency indicator referring to aggregations made by the personal bibliographic manager Mendeley, gives us a total of: 4.
  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 4 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

  • The Total Score from Altmetric: 1.85.
  • The number of mentions on the social network X (formerly Twitter): 2 (Altmetric).

Leadership analysis of institutional authors

There is a significant leadership presence as some of the institution’s authors appear as the first or last signer, detailed as follows: First Author () and Last Author (Pantrigo Fernández, Juan José).

the author responsible for correspondence tasks has been García Espinosa, Francisco José.