$\textit{i}$ –$\textit{v}$ characteristic; Circuit simulation; Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; Equivalent circuits; Integrated circuit modeling; Integrated circuits; Mazhari's equivalent circuit; Mazhari’s equivalent circuit; Numerical models; Numerical simulations; Performance; Perovskite; Perovskite solar cell; Perovskite solar cells; Perovskite solar cells (pscs); Perovskites; Photovoltaic cells; Radiative recombination; S-shaped; S-shaped