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The LONG-COVID-EXP-CM is supported by a grant of Comunidad de Madrid y la Union Europea, a traves del Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), Recursos REACT-UE del Programa Operativo de Madrid 2014-2020, financiado como parte de la respuesta de la Union a la pandemia de COVID-19.

Analysis of institutional authors

Fernandez-De-Las-Penas, CCorresponding AuthorRodriguez-Jimenez, JAuthorMoro-Lopez-Menchero, PAuthorCancela-Cilleruelo, IAuthorPardo-Hernandez, AAuthorGil-De-Miguel, AAuthor

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September 27, 2022
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Article

Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the EuroQol-5D-5L in previously hospitalized COVID-19 survivors with long COVID

Publicated to:Scientific Reports. 12 (1): 12605- - 2022-07-23 12(1), DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17033-1

Authors: Fernandez-de-las-Penas, Cesar; Rodriguez-Jimenez, Jorge; Moro-Lopez-Menchero, Paloma; Cancela-Cilleruelo, Ignacio; Pardo-Hernandez, Alberto; Hernandez-Barrera, Valentin; Gil-de-Miguel, Angel

Affiliations

Comunidad Madrid, Consejeria Salud Publ, Madrid, Spain - Author
Univ Rey Juan Carlos URJC, Dept Publ Hlth & Prevent Med, Madrid, Spain - Author
Univ Rey Juan Carlos URJC, Fac Ciencias Salud, Dept Phys Therapy Occupat Therapy Phys Med & Reha, Ave Atenas S-N, Madrid 28922, Spain - Author

Abstract

The EuroQol 5-dimensions 5-levels (EQ-5D-5L) is a generic patient-reported outcome measures (PROM) used for evaluating health-related quality of life (HRQoL). No data on its psychometric properties in COVID-19 survivors is available. We aimed to describe internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct validity of the EQ-5D-5L in people with long-COVID. Ninety-three (n = 93) individuals previously hospitalized due to COVID-19 with post-COVID symptoms completed the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire twice one year after hospital discharge in a three-week interval. Internal consistency (Cronbach alpha and Omega value), test-retest reliability (kappa and ICC2,1) and construct validity (factor analysis), and floor/ceiling effects were calculated. No ceiling effect was observed in any dimension whereas the floor effect ranged from 53.76 to 94.62%. The overall Cronbach's alpha value was 0.75 (95%CI 0.64-0.83) and the Omega omega value was 0.77 (95%CI 0.66-0.84), showing good internal consistency of the questionnaire. Further, Cronbach's alpha values the of each dimension ranged from 0.63 to 0.77 whereas those for Omega values ranged from 0.70 to 0.79. The test-retest reliability of the total score was excellent (ICC2,1 0.86, 95%CI 0.798-0.911). The agreement percentage ranged from 85.13 to 96.77%; but kappa coefficients ranged from fair (kappa: 0.37) to good (kappa: 0.61). The factor analysis showed factor loadings from 0.585 to 0.813 supporting good construct validity. The EQ-5D-5L has good psychometric properties to be used as a PROM to assess HRQoL in hospitalized COVID-19 survivors with long-COVID.

Keywords

ComplicationCovid-19Eq-5d-5lHumanHumansPost-acute covid-19 syndromeProceduresPsychometricsPsychometryQuality of lifeQuestionnaireReproducibilityReproducibility of resultsSurveys and questionnairesSurvivorSurvivors

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal Scientific Reports due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency Scopus (SJR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2022, it was in position , thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Multidisciplinary. Notably, the journal is positioned above the 90th percentile.

From a relative perspective, and based on the normalized impact indicator calculated from World Citations provided by WoS (ESI, Clarivate), it yields a value for the citation normalization relative to the expected citation rate of: 1.37. This indicates that, compared to works in the same discipline and in the same year of publication, it ranks as a work cited above average. (source consulted: ESI Nov 14, 2024)

This information is reinforced by other indicators of the same type, which, although dynamic over time and dependent on the set of average global citations at the time of their calculation, consistently position the work at some point among the top 50% most cited in its field:

  • Weighted Average of Normalized Impact by the Scopus agency: 1.31 (source consulted: FECYT Feb 2024)
  • Field Citation Ratio (FCR) from Dimensions: 12.76 (source consulted: Dimensions Jul 2025)

Specifically, and according to different indexing agencies, this work has accumulated citations as of 2025-07-05, the following number of citations:

  • WoS: 16
  • Scopus: 17
  • Europe PMC: 13

Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2025-07-05:

  • The use, from an academic perspective evidenced by the Altmetric agency indicator referring to aggregations made by the personal bibliographic manager Mendeley, gives us a total of: 48.
  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 53 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

  • The Total Score from Altmetric: 0.75.
  • The number of mentions on the social network X (formerly Twitter): 2 (Altmetric).

It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

  • The work has been submitted to a journal whose editorial policy allows open Open Access publication.

Leadership analysis of institutional authors

There is a significant leadership presence as some of the institution’s authors appear as the first or last signer, detailed as follows: First Author (Fernández de las Peñas, César) and Last Author (Gil de Miguel, Ángel).

the author responsible for correspondence tasks has been Fernández de las Peñas, César.