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Grant support

The authors thank all the participants in the study. We thank the City Council of Getafe and the Older Adults Cultural Centers of Ferrer I Guardia and Ramon Rubial (Madrid, Spain) for their support in the recruitment of the sample. Special thanks to Cristina Segura and Javier Yanguas (Departamento de Gent Gran de la Fundacion Bancaria la Caixa) and Pilar Rodriguez from Fundacion Pilares, and all the institutions that contributed to the sample recruitment. Maria del Sequeros Pedroso-Chaparro is supported by a Pre-Doctoral Grant from the Universidad Autonoma de Madrid. Jose Adrian Fernandes-Pires and Lucia Jimenez Gonzalo were supported by a Pre-Doctoral Grant from the Universidad Rey Juan Carlos. No additional funding was available./Los autores agradecen a todas las personas que han participado en el estudio, asi como tambien al Ayuntamiento de Getafe y a los Centros Culturales de Personas Mayores de Ferrer I Guardia y Ramon Rubial (Madrid, Espana) por su apoyo en la seleccion de la muestra. Nuestro agradecimiento especial a Cristina Segura y Javier Yanguas (Departamento de Gent Gran de la Fundacion Bancaria la Caixa) y a Pilar Rodriguez de la Fundacion Pilares, y a todas las instituciones que aportaron su contribucion a la seleccion de la muestra. Maria del Sequeros Pedroso-Chaparro cuenta con una Beca PreDoctoral de la Universidad Autonoma de Madrid. Jose Adrian Fernandes-Pires y Lucia Jimenez-Gonzalo cuentan con una Beca Pre-Doctoral de la Universidad Rey Juan Carlos. No hubo ninguna financiacion adicional.

Analysis of institutional authors

Fernandes-Pires, JaAuthorJimenez-Gonzalo, LAuthorNuevo, RAuthorLosada, ACorresponding Author

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September 27, 2022
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Article
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Validation of the Spanish version of the Three-Item Loneliness Scale (Validacion de la version espanola de la Escala de Soledad de Tres items)

Publicated to:Estudios De Psicologia. 43 (2): 311-331 - 2022-05-04 43(2), DOI: 10.1080/02109395.2021.1989889

Authors: Pedroso-Chaparro, Maria del Sequeros; Marquez-Gonzalez, Maria; Fernandes-Pires, Jose-Adrian; Gallego-Alberto, Laura; Jimenez-Gonzalo, Lucia; Nuevo, Roberto; Losada, Andres

Affiliations

Univ Autonoma Madrid, Madrid, Spain - Author
Univ Rey Juan Carlos, Campus Alcorcon,Avda Atenas,S-N,Alcorcon, Madrid 28922, Spain - Author

Abstract

The Three-Item Loneliness Scale (TIL Scale) is a widely used brief instrument for the assessment of loneliness. The aim of this study was to analyse the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the TIL Scale with data from two different studies. In Study 1, 1,536 adults between 18 and 88 years old completed a survey during the lockdown period due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In Study 2, 314 older adults between 60 and 92 years old were assessed prior to the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Significant factor loadings were obtained through confirmatory factor analyses for both samples. Acceptable internal consistency was found for the scale in both samples. Positive associations between the TIL Scale and a single item measuring loneliness and depressive and anxious symptomatology were found. The findings provide support for the use of the TIL Scale with Spanish-speaking populations.

Keywords

AnxietyCovid-19HealthLonelinessOlder adultsOlder-adultsScaleSocial-isolationSpanish speakersUclaValidity

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal Estudios De Psicologia, and although the journal is classified in the quartile Q4 (Agencia WoS (JCR)), its regional focus and specialization in Psychology, Multidisciplinary, give it significant recognition in a specific niche of scientific knowledge at an international level.

From a relative perspective, and based on the normalized impact indicator calculated from World Citations provided by WoS (ESI, Clarivate), it yields a value for the citation normalization relative to the expected citation rate of: 1.91. This indicates that, compared to works in the same discipline and in the same year of publication, it ranks as a work cited above average. (source consulted: ESI Nov 14, 2024)

This information is reinforced by other indicators of the same type, which, although dynamic over time and dependent on the set of average global citations at the time of their calculation, consistently position the work at some point among the top 50% most cited in its field:

  • Weighted Average of Normalized Impact by the Scopus agency: 1.88 (source consulted: FECYT Feb 2024)
  • Field Citation Ratio (FCR) from Dimensions: 4.43 (source consulted: Dimensions Jul 2025)

Specifically, and according to different indexing agencies, this work has accumulated citations as of 2025-07-07, the following number of citations:

  • WoS: 12
  • Scopus: 12

Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2025-07-07:

  • The use, from an academic perspective evidenced by the Altmetric agency indicator referring to aggregations made by the personal bibliographic manager Mendeley, gives us a total of: 47.
  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 53 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

  • The Total Score from Altmetric: 1.85.
  • The number of mentions on the social network X (formerly Twitter): 2 (Altmetric).

It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

  • The work has been submitted to a journal whose editorial policy allows open Open Access publication.

Leadership analysis of institutional authors

There is a significant leadership presence as some of the institution’s authors appear as the first or last signer, detailed as follows: Last Author (Losada Baltar, Andrés).

the author responsible for correspondence tasks has been Losada Baltar, Andrés.