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J.M.'s work is partly supported by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (RTI2018-09870-B-I00; RED2018-102546-T), the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), the Government of Catalonia (AGAUR; 2017SGR-1321), Fundacion Grunenthal (Spain), Universitat Rovira i Virgili (PFR program), and ICREA-Academia.

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September 27, 2022
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Development of the Conceptualization of Pain Questionnaire: A Measure to Study How Children Conceptualize Pain

Publicated to:International Journal Of Environmental Research And Public Health. 18 (7): 3821- - 2021-04-01 18(7), DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073821

Authors: Salvat, I; Adillon, C; Andres, EM; Monterde, S; Miro, J

Affiliations

Univ Rey Juan Carlos, Grp Invest Gest Paciente Sangrante IdiPaz, Dept Econ, Empresa,Econ Aplicada Fundamentos Anal Econ 2, Madrid 28933, Spain - Author
Univ Rovira & Virgili, Dept Med & Surg, Fac Med & Hlth Sci, Inst Invest Sanit Pere Virgili, Reus 43204, Spain - Author
Univ Rovira & Virgili, Unit Study & Treatment Pain ALGOS, Res Ctr Behav Assessment & Measurement, Dept Psychol,Chair Pediat Pain URV FG, Tarragona 43007, Spain - Author

Abstract

(1) Background: Research has shown that thoughts about pain are important for the management of chronic pain in children. In order to monitor changes in thoughts about pain over time and evaluate the efficacy of treatments, we need valid and reliable measures. The aims of this study were to develop a questionnaire to assess a child's concept of pain and to evaluate its psychometric properties; (2) Methods: This is a cross-sectional, two-phase, mixed-method study. A total of 324 individuals aged 8 to 17 years old responded to the newly created questionnaire. The Conceptualization of Pain Questionnaire (COPAQ) was calibrated using the Rasch model. The chi-square test was used for the fit statistics. Underfit and overfit of the model were determined and a descriptive analysis of infit and outfit was conducted to identify who responded erratically. Internal consistency was measured using the Person Separation Index (PSI); (3) Results: Fit to the Rasch model was good. Suitable targeting indicated which items were simple to answer; Person Fit identified 9.56% children who responded erratically; PSI = 0.814; (4) Conclusions: The findings suggest that COPAQ is a measure of a child's concept of pain that is easy to administer and respond to. It has a good fit and a good internal consistency.

Keywords

AdjustmentAdolescentArticleAttitude to healthChildChild behaviorChild healthChildrenChronic painConcept formationConceptualization of pain questionnaireControlled studyCross-sectional studiesCross-sectional studyFemaleHealth educationHealth knowledgeHumanHumansInternal consistencyKnowledgeMalePain assessmentPain educationPsychologyPsychometricsPsychometryQuality of lifeQuestionnaireQuestionnaire surveyRasch analysisReliabilityReproducibilityReproducibility of resultsRisk assessmentSurveySurveys and questionnairesVaranidae

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal International Journal Of Environmental Research And Public Health due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2021, it was in position 45/182, thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Public, Environmental & Occupational Health.

From a relative perspective, and based on the normalized impact indicator calculated from the Field Citation Ratio (FCR) of the Dimensions source, it yields a value of: 2.45, which indicates that, compared to works in the same discipline and in the same year of publication, it ranks as a work cited above average. (source consulted: Dimensions Jul 2025)

Specifically, and according to different indexing agencies, this work has accumulated citations as of 2025-07-21, the following number of citations:

  • WoS: 2
  • Scopus: 2

Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2025-07-21:

  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 29 (PlumX).

It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

  • The work has been submitted to a journal whose editorial policy allows open Open Access publication.